Alectromotive force (EMF) and clamping voltage
Electron flow from a lower potential to the higher
potential or from negative pole to the positive pole.
Electromotive force of an electric current is the
potential difference between the end of the electric current source when the
electric current sources is not conducted. The EMF can be measured by
voltmeter. Then the clamping voltage is the potential difference between the
poles of an element while conducting electric current. The corelation between
EMF and clamping voltage is shown by formula
where 
Where:
V= clamping voltage (V)
=EMF (V)
Vr= voltage in internal resistance (V)
I= electric current flowing thorough the internal
resistance (A)
R= internal resistance (Ohm)
Electric element circuit
Serial circuit of electric element
Based on the figure. The total voltage is:
So the
magnitude of electric current is:
Serial circuit of electric element
The total voltage is:
And the
electric current can be determined as:
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