electric source (sumber arus listrik)

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Electric current sources

Electric elements

Electric current sources found in everyday life are separated into two kind. Those are alternating current (AC) and direct Current (DC) sources. AC source like PLN, Generator, and dinamo. And for DC sources like battreis, accumulator, ect. Direct current are separated into two kind. They are primary element and secondary element.

Primary element.

Primary element is electrochemical elements of which the reactant material cannot be replace. Primary element are divided into two kinds, those are dry and wet element. Batereis include dry element, voltaic and daniel elemnt include into wet element.

Batereis

Batreis are made up of several parts. Those are follow.

a)      A zinc tube covering tho outher part of batereis. It function as negative pole.

b)      Carbon rod, the top part of which is usually covered with brass. It function as positive pole.

c)       Ammonium cloridien the form of dry paste.

d)      Manganese dioxide that mixed with carbon powder.

Amonium cloride and manganese dioxide are electrolytic solution that is a solution that can conduct electricity.the electric current in battraies can flow if a negative pole is connected to the positive by using conductor. Elctrons flow comws from the chemical reaction between zinc and an electolytic solution, flowing from the negative pole to the conductor wire and giving electric energy, then entering the carbon rod.

Voltaic element.

The part of voltaic element.

a)      A glas jar that containt sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄) solution as an electrolitic solution.

b)      Plat of zinc (Zn) as negative electrode (anode)

c)       Lat of copper (Cu) as positive electrode (katode)

To conduct alectric current in a voltaic element, the negative and positive pole must be connected by using a conductor wire so the chemical reaction between zinc plate and electolyte solution as well as between copper plate and electrolytic solotion happen. The chemical reaction cause electron from zinc flow to the copper plate.

Element daniels.

In voltaic elements, the flowing electic current does not stand long. Therefor, daniel element that has a longer age than voltaic element is made. The working principle of daniel element is almost the same as voltaic element. Only in daniell element copper sulfate (CuSO₄) solution is used to protect the copper plate from polarization process. Polarization process is the sticking of hydrogen gas bubbles produced by the chemical reaction in sulfuric acid on the copper plate, retarding the flow of element formed.

Secondry element.

Electric current sources is element of which the reactant material can be renewed are called secondary elements. The example is accumulator.

The kind of accumulator that is commonly used in everyday life is lead accumulator. Accumulator are consist of pairs of leads plate and lead oxieds which are immersed in thin sulfuric acid solution.the pair of lead plate and lead oxides are called celsl. Each celll in an accumulator is separates by a thin separator made of wood, hard rubber, or plastic.

If an avvumulator is used, the electron will flow from the lead chip as a negative pole to the lead oxide as a positive pole. If the accumulator is continouesly used, gradually the electric current flow will weaken  and finally there is no more electric current flow. That is because the lead plate and lead change into sulfuric lead, so the electron can not flow.